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CONDITIONS

Compression Fractures

Compression fractures occur in the vertebral bodies of the spine. The fracture causes the affected vertebra or vertebrae to lose height, leading to a compressed appearance. This can result in a wedge-shaped vertebra. These fractures can result from trauma, such as a fall or car accident, or from conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis or certain types of cancer. They are most common in the thoracic (mid-back) and lumbar (lower back) regions of the spine.

Symptoms & Diagnosis

The signs and symptoms of compression fractures can vary depending on the cause, severity, and location of the fracture. Some patients may not experience any symptoms, discovering the fracture during an x-ray for another condition. Others may experience debilitating pain that affects their ability to stand or walk. Additional symptoms may include:

  • Back pain Persistent, localized pain in the back, especially in the area of the affected vertebra or vertebrae. The pain may be sharp or aching and can be aggravated by movement or certain positions.
  • Height loss Compression fractures can result in a reduction in height. Over time, individuals may notice a change in their overall height, especially if multiple vertebrae are affected. This can ultimately affect their spinal alignment and limit their ability to stand upright.
  • Limited mobility Some may find it challenging to perform certain activities or movements due to pain and discomfort in the spine.
  • Changes in spinal alignment Compression fractures can result in changes in the alignment of the spine, which may lead to a forward curvature known as kyphosis. This can result in a stooped or hunched posture.
  • Weakness and fatigue If the compression fracture affects nerve function or limits physical activity, some may experience weakness or fatigue.
  • Radiating pain Depending on the location of the compression fracture, pain may radiate to other areas of the body, like the hips or abdomen.
  • Numbness or tingling Sensations of numbness or tingling in the extremities may occur, which may indicate nerve compression if the fracture affects the spinal nerves.
  • Difficulty breathing In severe cases, compression fractures in the thoracic spine may impact lung function, leading to difficulty breathing.

To identify compression fractures, a doctor will review medical history, including any factors such as trauma, osteoporosis, or other conditions that may predispose a patient to fractures. Along with a physical examination to evaluate the spine for signs of tenderness, deformity, or loss of vertebral height, symptoms will be discussed and assessed. An X-ray is typically enough to visualize the spine and confirm the presence of compression fractures, but additional diagnostic imaging such as an MRI or CT scan may be needed for a more comprehensive view of the spine if additional symptoms of compression are present.

Treatment

For mild compression fractures, conservative treatment may suffice in reducing symptoms while allowing the injury to heal. If the fracture is more severe, especially if pain persists, minimally invasive spine procedures may be recommended to stabilize the spine.

Conservative management
  • Medication Over-the-counter or prescription pain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or analgesics, may be used to manage pain.
  • Physical therapy A physical therapist can design exercises to improve strength, flexibility, and posture, which can aid in the recovery process and prevent future fractures.
  • Rest and activity modification Rest and avoiding activities that may worsen the fracture may be recommended. These activities may include bending, lifting, or other movements that strain the spine.
  • Bracing A back brace may be recommended to provide support and help stabilize the spine during the healing process.
Surgical intervention
  • Vertebroplasty For more severe fractures, a minimally invasive procedure known as vertebroplasty may be performed. During the procedure, a special bone cement is injected into the fractured vertebrae to stabilize it.
  • Kyphoplasty Similar to vertebroplasty, a balloon is inserted into the fractured vertebrae to create a cavity before the cement is injected. This procedure is used if there is a need to restore vertebral height caused by the fracture.
  • Spinal fusion This procedure permanently connects two or more vertebrae to limit movement between them, and may be considered if a compression fracture has led to spinal instability or malalignment.
For patients who are experiencing persistent back pain, changes in posture, or other symptoms suggestive of a compression fracture, it is essential to seek medical attention from a spinal specialist for a thorough evaluation. A spine surgeon like Dr. Avramis can assess the extent of the fracture and determine an appropriate treatment plan.
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Our team at Avramis Spine & Scoliosis is here to help. To request an appointment or for any other inquiries, please fill out the form.